Cardiovascular system

Axillary artery

Arterial passage through the armpit

Brachial artery

Arterial connection from shoulder to forearm

Radial artery

Thumb-side route from elbow to hand

Subclavian artery

Supply route beneath the collarbone

Ulnar artery

Medial forearm supply leading to the superficial palm

Lower limb

Anterior tibial artery

Arterial route through the front of the leg to the foot

Deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery

Deep arterial network supplying much of the thigh

Dorsalis pedis artery

Artery crossing the upper surface of the foot

External iliac artery

Main arterial route from the pelvis into the thigh

Femoral artery

Major arterial channel through the thigh toward the knee

Femoral vein

Deep venous return through the thigh

Great saphenous vein

Long superficial vein along the inner lower limb

Popliteal artery

Deep arterial supply behind the knee

Posterior tibial artery

Deep calf artery continuing into the sole

Small saphenous vein

Superficial venous route up the back of the calf

Thorax

Accessory hemiazygos vein

A variable collector of left mid-thoracic intercostal veins

Anterior cardiac veins

Right ventricular veins with direct atrial drainage

Anterior interventricular artery (LAD)

The anterior descending branch of the left coronary system

Aorta

The main arterial route from the left ventricle to the body

Aortic arch

The curved aortic segment supplying the head and upper limbs

Aortic sinuses (of Valsalva)

The expanded root spaces beside the aortic cusps

Aortic valve

The valve at the left ventricular outlet

Ascending aorta

The upward aortic route between the root and arch

Atrioventricular bundle (of His)

Electrical passage through the atrioventricular insulation

Atrioventricular nodal artery

A small coronary branch serving atrioventricular conduction tissue

Atrioventricular node

A controlled delay between atrial and ventricular activation

Auricles (atrial appendages)

Atrial appendages beside the great-vessel roots

Azygos vein

The main right paravertebral venous channel

Brachiocephalic trunk

The usual common arterial stem for the right neck and arm

Brachiocephalic veins

The paired venous trunks joining upper-body drainage

Bronchial arteries

Systemic vessels supporting the airways

Bundle branches

Paired routes from the His bundle into the ventricles

Cardiac auscultation areas

Chest-wall regions for hearing transmitted cardiac sounds

Nerve

Cardiac plexus

Autonomic and sensory routes entering the heart

Nerve

Chordae tendineae

Fibrous restraints for the atrioventricular leaflets

Circumflex artery

The left coronary route around the atrioventricular groove

Coronary sinus

A collecting channel for most cardiac venous blood

Crista terminalis

Right atrial ridge where pectinate muscles begin

Fibrous pericardium

The connective-tissue sac surrounding the heart

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

Connective support and electrical separation around cardiac junctions

Fossa ovalis

Thin atrial depression left by a fetal passage

Great cardiac vein

A major venous route from the anterior heart to the coronary sinus

Heart

Connects the lung and body circulations

Hemiazygos vein

A lower left thoracic tributary of the azygos system

Interatrial septum

True partition and folds between the atrial chambers

Internal thoracic artery

The parasternal artery of the anterior chest wall

Interventricular septum

Contractile partition shared by both ventricles

Left atrium

Posterior chamber receiving pulmonary venous return

Left coronary artery

The usual common stem of the left coronary branches

Left marginal (obtuse marginal) artery

Circumflex branches serving the lateral left ventricle

Left ventricle

Systemic-pressure pump forming the cardiac apex

Ligamentum arteriosum

The postnatal remnant of the fetal ductal connection

Mediastinum

The central thoracic region between the pleural sacs

Middle cardiac vein

The venous channel in the inferior interventricular groove

Mitral valve

A two-leaflet apparatus guarding the left atrioventricular opening

Moderator band

Right ventricular bridge carrying conduction tissue

Oblique pericardial sinus

A blind recess behind the left atrium

Papillary muscles

Ventricular muscles that maintain chordal support

Pectinate muscles

Ridged atrial muscle concentrated in the appendages

Pericardial cavity

The thin fluid-containing space between serous surfaces

Posterior intercostal arteries

Segmental arteries supplying the posterior chest wall

Posterior interventricular artery (PDA)

The descending artery in the inferior interventricular groove

Pulmonary arteries

Paired inflow vessels for the lungs

Pulmonary trunk

Right ventricular outlet to the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary valve

The semilunar outlet of the right ventricle

Pulmonary veins

Return pathway from lung capillaries to the left atrium

Purkinje fibers

Specialized muscle cells that distribute ventricular excitation

Right atrium

Receives systemic veins before the right ventricle

Right coronary artery

The coronary vessel following the right atrioventricular groove

Right marginal (acute marginal) artery

An acute-border branch to the right ventricular wall

Right ventricle

Anterior ventricle supplying the lungs

Serous pericardium

Continuous parietal and visceral surfaces around the heart

Sinoatrial nodal artery

A variable coronary route to the sinus-node region

Sinoatrial node

The usual starting point of each heartbeat

Small cardiac vein

A variable right-sided tributary of the cardiac venous system

Subclavian vein

The upper-limb venous route in front of the anterior scalene

Superior vena cava

The final upper-body venous channel to the right atrium

Thoracic (descending) aorta

The descending aortic segment behind the heart

Trabeculae carneae

Ventricular ridges and bridges of working muscle

Transverse pericardial sinus

A pericardial passage behind the arterial roots

Triangle of Koch

Surface landmarks around atrioventricular conduction tissue

Tricuspid valve

The right atrioventricular valve and its supports

Abdomen

Abdominal aorta

Main arterial trunk between the diaphragm and iliac bifurcation

Celiac trunk

Short aortic branch feeding the upper digestive arterial network

Common hepatic artery

Celiac branch connecting hepatic and gastroduodenal circulations

Common iliac artery

Paired arterial links from the aorta to pelvis and lower limb

Cystic artery

Variable arterial supply to the gallbladder

Gastro-omental arteries

Arterial routes along the greater curvature

Gastroduodenal artery

Artery behind the proximal duodenum

Gonadal arteries

Long aortic vessels retained as the gonads descend

Hepatic portal vein

Venous inflow connecting digestive organs to liver sinusoids

Hepatic veins

Liver outflow entering the inferior vena cava

Ileocolic artery

Superior mesenteric branch serving the ileocecal region

Inferior mesenteric artery

Aortic supply to the distal colon and upper rectum

Inferior mesenteric vein

Hindgut venous channel with a variable portal-system junction

Inferior phrenic arteries

Paired diaphragmatic arteries with variable origins

Inferior vena cava

Main venous return from below the diaphragm

Jejunal and ileal arteries

Mesenteric branches forming small-bowel arterial loops

Left colic artery

Inferior mesenteric branch reaching the descending colon

Left gastric artery

Celiac route to the cardia and lesser curvature

Lumbar arteries

Segmental aortic supply around the lumbar vertebrae

Marginal artery of Drummond

Peripheral arterial connections along the colonic mesentery

Middle colic artery

Mesocolic artery serving much of the transverse colon

Pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Shared arterial arcades around pancreatic head and duodenum

Paraumbilical veins

Portal connections reaching the umbilical abdominal wall

Portosystemic anastomoses

Communications between portal tributaries and systemic veins

Proper hepatic artery

Hepatic inflow artery within the hepatoduodenal ligament

Renal veins

Short right and longer left routes from kidneys to cava

Right colic artery

Variable arterial route to the ascending colon

Right gastric artery

Small artery approaching the pyloric lesser curvature

Sigmoid arteries

Inferior mesenteric branches spreading through the sigmoid mesocolon

Splenic artery

Usually tortuous artery following the upper pancreatic border

Splenic vein

Posterior pancreatic vein joining the portal confluence

Superior mesenteric artery

Anterior aortic branch supplying the midgut territory

Superior mesenteric vein

Principal small-bowel and right-colonic venous collector

Pelvis

Common iliac veins

Pelvic and limb outflow converging into the cava

Internal iliac artery

Pelvic supply with branches beyond the pelvic cavity

Median sacral artery

Small posterior aortic branch over the sacrum

Rectal arteries

Overlapping rectal and anal arterial territories

Head & neck

Anterior cerebral artery

Medial hemispheric and deep perforator supply

Anterior communicating artery

Anterior cross-connection with important small perforators

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

Variable arterial supply around the lower lateral pons

Anterior spinal artery

Longitudinal supply reinforced at selected spinal levels

Basilar artery

The central trunk of vertebrobasilar circulation

Carotid sinus

An arterial stretch sensor for the baroreflex

Cavernous sinus

A parasellar venous network surrounding critical neurovascular structures

Circle of Willis

A variable arterial network with collateral potential

Common carotid artery

A paired conduit into internal and external carotid systems

Confluence of sinuses

A variable junction of posterior dural venous channels

External carotid artery

Branches for the face, scalp, neck and cranial dura

Facial artery

A flexible, variably branching supply to the face

Great cerebral vein (of Galen)

A short collecting trunk of deep cerebral drainage

Internal carotid artery

A major source of cerebral and orbital blood flow

Internal jugular vein

A principal outflow channel from the cranium and neck

Lenticulostriate arteries

Penetrating vessels with variable deep cerebral territories

Middle cerebral artery

A major arterial tree for the lateral hemisphere

Middle meningeal artery

A skull-associated artery with extensive dural branches

Ophthalmic artery

Orbital circulation linked to both carotid systems

Posterior cerebral artery

Visual, medial temporal and deep posterior brain supply

Posterior communicating artery

An ICA–PCA connection that also supplies perforators

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

A variable route around medulla and cerebellar tonsil

Sigmoid sinus

The curved dural outflow toward the jugular bulb

Straight sinus

Deep cerebral venous drainage along the falx–tentorium junction

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

Different routes between parasellar and posterior venous drainage

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Upper cerebellar supply beside the rostral brainstem

Superior cerebral (bridging) veins

Cortical drainage crossing into the superior sagittal system

Superior sagittal sinus

A major midline venous channel in the attached falx

Transverse sinus

Lateral dural drainage along the tentorial attachment

Vertebral artery

Cervical arterial passage into the posterior cranial circulation